... and more efficient agri-chemical use have allowed growing and grazing times to be extended. Crop rotation replaced by same crop each year, reduces diversity of invertebrates including butterflies and birds. This leaves large areas managed in the same way at the same time. Improved grassland sowing techniques have also cut species diversity by killing weeds, and re-seeding with palatable competitive grass species, problems with converting permanent pasture to temporary lay is that it reduces diversity of vegetation, reduce the amount of earthworms and other invertebrates, also birds such as skylarks, lapwings, thrushes, gulls and golden plovers. Another way of increasing intensive food production areas is hedge row removal, this increase sizes of fields but also causes decline in small mammals such as owls, over wintering predatory invertebrates, it also decreases to availability of berry and nut food source for winter thrushes and other birds. The use for hedges is that they ...

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