... and buffer mixture. As a little as 25 or 50 ?l of this mixture may be used as a cost-cutting strategy, but 100?l is a more common amount. Volume not withstanding, the critical requirement is to maintain constant final concentrations of the reagents. The two strands of the DNA are separated by heating and short sequences of a single DNA strand (primers) are added, together with a supply of free nucleotides and DNA polymerase obtained from a bacterial that can withstand extreme heat. For instance, a special DNA polymerase-Taq polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus which is living in hot springs can withstand high temperature used to denature the template DNA. In a series of heating and cooling cycles, the DNA sequence doubles with each cycle and is thus rapidly amplified. The product generated from the PCR is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR have three steps are repeated for ...

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