... to the promoter, a specific DNA sequence that indicates when RNA synthesis should begin. After binding to the promoter, the RNA polymerase unwinds one coil of the DNA helix. This exposes a short section of single-stranded DNA that will act as a template for complimentary base-pairing with the arriving ribonucleotides. Two incoming ribonucleoside triphosphate monomers are joined together to start an RNA chain. The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand and consequently the RNA chain grows. The enzyme will proceed with the reaction until it encounters a "stop signal", a special sequence in the DNA that terminates the reaction. At this point the copy of the DNA called mRNA is released from the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation Transfer RNA molecules are found in the cytoplasm. These agents are central to protein synthesis. There is a minimum of 20 tRNA molecules. Each of these has ...

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