... complete the entire human genome in 2001 with the aid of genetic pioneer Frederick Sanger. Beginning the Human Genome Project Imagine that the human genome, which consists of over 3 billion nucleotide pairs, is the earth. In order to produce a map of its surface, it is essential to break it down into smaller, more manageable areas. To attempt to find a specific location on the earth, without any information on area, landmarks, etc. would be virtually impossible. Thus, the earth is split into continents, countries, and then progressively smaller sub-divisions, ending with a house number on a specific road in a specific part of the country. For the human genome, the problem is very similar to this analogy, with the sequencing of the nucleotide pairs in human DNA being near impossible unless the DNA strand is broken down into smaller divisions. In terms of DNA, there are two types of 'mapping' which ...

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