... be achieved, whilst the response regulator domain is able to regulate events downstream in the signalling pathway. Typically, the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria houses the histidine kinase sensor. This has the advantage that the sensor can be placed in direct contact with the bacteria's extracellular environment, with the sensing domain being found on the extracellular side of the membrane, and the histidine kinase domain on the intracellular side of the membrane. The histidine kinases function as dimer. When a signal from the environment is received, a response to this extracellular stimulus occurs. Most typically, this response involves each histidine kinase phosphorylating its partner on a conserved histidine residue using ATP as a phospho-donor. This phosphate is then transferred to a conserved aspartic acid residue on the response regulator, the second component in the two-component system. Phosphorylation of the response regulator then modulates its ability to mediate downstream signalling events in ...

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