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... disorders The two main system presently in use in the UK and USA are the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual (DSM IIIR) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10). The first edition of DSM in 1952 was influenced by Meyer and Menninger, and reflected the prevailing acceptance of psychoanalytic ideas in the USA. The most recent edition, DSM III (1980), contains many innovations (including a revised nonclemanture) and its revision, DSM IIIR, has remedied some of its faults (for example, by removing some diagnostic hierarchies). The fourth edition is awaited. ICD first included mental disorders in Edition 6, and in 1959 Stengel recommended a new approach based on operational definition. ICD 10 uses many of the advances of DSM III, and is similar to it except that its clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines are less detailed and less restrictive. They differ in nonclemanture, in grouping of disorders, and in some conceptual ...