... generally divided into three categories: positive, negative and disorganized symptoms (Andreasen, 1995 pg. 477 - 81). Positive symptoms refer to the presence of mental features that should not be normally present. These include delusions which are false beliefs without any basis in reality and which are not in keeping with the person's educational, cultural and religious background. Other symptoms are hallucinations which are perceptions of stimuli that have no external reality, like auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory and gustatory hallucinations. And Andreasen, 1995 further identified the following symptoms of Negative and disorganized symptoms that normally present: Negative symptoms refer to a lack or reduction of emotional responses and psychological functioning that should normally be present. These are manifested as affective flattening (difficulty in expressing emotions), alogia (limited or poverty of speech with consequent inability to initiate or maintain a conversation), avolition (extreme apathy with lack of initiation, drive or energy ...

See this essay or coursework document in full right now