... anxiety and continued manipulation for personal gain. Hare et al 1990 (cited in Davidson et al 2004;Black 1999) also developed a checklist for the psychopathic personality which contain two clusters, firstly is emotional detachment characterised by selfishness and a lack of remorse and the second is the antisocial lifestyle characterised by impulsivity and irresponsibility (Davidson et al 2004; Hare 1971). 'Some researchers have argued that the DSM diagnostic criteria of Antisocial personality Disorder should be altered to include more of the traits of psychopathy' (Kendall 1998). Other research questions the stability of the Antisocial Personality Disorder criteria, the requirement for the individual to have conduct disorder in childhood may overlook those individuals who develop antisocial characteristics in later life (Alterman et al, 1998, cited in Blackburn, 2000). The range of diagnostic tools has caused problems for examining the efficacy of treatment for both Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy which in ...

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