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... is popular due to its simplicity. - However it has been extensively critics by many researchers for treating anxiety/arousal as a single unitary construct, whereas it has been increasingly noted that anxiety is much more complex in nature. - Furthermore, perhaps the most salient criticism is that it offers no explanation of HOW arousal affects performance. Therefore it clearly does not fully explain the relationship and various other theories have been formulated.> IZOF (Hanin 1986) Each athlete has his/her own zone of optimal performance anxiety which he/she is most likely to attain optimal performance. If anxiety lies out with this zone, performance will be impaired. This can be derived by direct and repeated measurement of anxiety levels and subsequent performance or by recall of anxiety levels prior to a peak performance. Support Turner and Raglin found that track and field athletes who competed with anxiety levels within their estimated IZOF performed significantly better than those ...