... storing all kinds of knowledge, beliefs, commodities and events. Inputs on the memory are encoded by using visual, acoustic or semantic representations. Bousfield's (1953) research shows that subjects could recall items better if they were placed into semantic categories of words of similar meaning. Bower, G.H., Clark, M.C., Wizenz D. and Leggold A.M. (1969) advanced this research by arranging the categories into hierarchies. In their experiments, participants who learned words in clusters of hierarchies remembered 64% of 112 words learned, with 100% recall; those learning random words remembered only 18% of words, with 47% recall. Tulving (1972) then proposed that LTM has 2 different systems that were neither complementary nor completely separate. These were episodic memory, consisting of personal experiences, and semantic memory, representing more general knowledge. Both of these memories are organised in categories to make them more accessible, episodic in dimensions of time and space and semantic in ...

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