... then became a conditioned response (CR) of salivation to a bell tone. The most prominent variable in respondent conditioning is the temporal relation between the CS and the US. There are four main temporal relations. The first is simultaneous conditioning. This form of conditioning presents the CS and US at the same time; this may seem the most effective way of conditioning behaviour. However researchers have found it to be a weak procedure for learning behaviour (Bitterman, 1964). Simultaneous conditioning is more effective in real life than in a laboratory experiment. Simultaneous conditioning can occur with the development of phobias, the sound of a dentists drill accompanied simultaneously by the unpleasant sensation of the drill hitting the tooth elicits a fear response, subsequently going to the dentist will elicit the same fear response. Trace conditioning introduces a gap between the CS and US. The US is presented after the CS has disappeared. ...

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