... reasoning problems are proceeding through the other types of thinking problems. For example conditional reasoning is when the reasoner comes to conclusion based on proposition. Propositional logic doesn't admit any uncertainty about the truth. Conditional reasoning consists of modus ponens (an important rule of inference), modus tollens (another major rule of inference), affirmation of the consequent (differences of meaning between propositional logic and ordinary language, with use of 'If ') and denial of the antecedent (people think about conclusion as a valid, but is invalid). Another type of thinking, which has been studied for over 2000 years, is syllogistic reasoning. Syllogism is deductive argument that is drawing conclusion from two statements. The most common quantifiers used for premises and conclusion are: all; some; no; and some.... not. For instance: All men are soldiers. All soldiers are alcoholics. Therefore, all men are alcoholics. People may be likely to make decisions based on biases that lead them to ...

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