... perspective; namely, identity development (Erikson, 1982), faith development (Fowler, 1981), ego development (Loevinger, 1976), and moral development (Kohlberg, 1973). The socio-cultural perspective frames development in terms of the social and cultural aspects of life that force growth and change in adulthood. Areas of interest in the socio-cultural perspective have been in social roles, race, gender, and social class (Merriam and Caffarella, 1999). And finally, the integrative perspective views development from an integration frame arguing that adult development is far to complex to put in one domain, therefore viewing development in terms of how the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural frames intersect and influence each other. This four-part typology provides a general sketch that not only illustrates the many-fated ways of thinking about adult development but also provides a sufficient way of understanding adult development as a conceptual whole, however, for the purpose of the essay, our interest will remain in the ...

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