... his pupils in the direction of scientific procedure. The school of structuralism was born at Cornell and had life in Titchener and his doctoral students. Titchener refused to consider applied psychology a valid enterprise and had no interest in studying animals, children, abnormal behavior, or individual differences. Titchener attempted to systematize the Wundtian point of view, producing laboratory research using only Wundt's method of introspection. For Titchener, psychology was the study of experience from the point of view of the experiencing individual. All elements must exist in the consciousness; hence, habit, action, instinct, and any Freudian mechanism received either marginal treatment from him, or none at all. Titchener characterized mental processes as having quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and extensity. Within the general framework of structuralism, Titchener provided one special theory that became well known because it kept reappearing in different form in the work of other psychologists and linguists. It is ...

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