... It normally involves talking and listening; it can involve reading and writing. In Western culture, all four elements are important areas of language in the school setting and in life generally." Bruce, T. 1987 p87. Language marks the most important difference between humans and animals. Animals' ability to communicate are governed by instinct but have remarkable forms, from brightly coloured feathers when on show for mating or electrical impulses in beetles, down to some animals creating a scent to warn off danger. Their main difference in communication is their lack of a larynx which humans poses in order to speak. Animal noises are created by vibrations made by muscles (e.g. fish vibrate their swim bladders) or by two parts of their body connecting together to create a sound (e.g. grasshoppers rubbing their back legs). Animals use communication mainly for survival and less often for play. Humans are the only living creature ...

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