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... the phenomenological perspective concerns the active nature of the learner. Developmental research according to Richardson 2000 suggests that only some human characteristics like personality were inborn but experience was the only source of knowledge. Such characteristics occurred to enable better survival in the environment in the form of natural selection. Thus changes in the form of new knowledge due to nature come from within the organism through genetic selection, whereas changes due to nurture come from outside it through the process of learning. These two categories of cause form the nature/nurture dichotomy. The inter-relationship can be viewed by considering the organism to be independent of its environment rather than being part of a system. (Richardson 2000) Some developmental theories stress the role of learning in producing changes in behaviour in the developing child. Learning is a change in behaviour caused by experience. According to psychologists there are four learning cycles; concrete experience, ...