... and the 'learner' was perfectly safe. b) Deception in Milgram's study gave cause for critism as it led to the breaking of other ethical guidelines. Firstly the participants were unable to give informed consent. This is a major ethical guideline, as experimenters should obtain informed consent from the participants, consenting to their participation in the experiment. Because the participants were misinformed and deceived about the nature of the true experiment they were not able to give this consent. Secondly participants are given protection from physical and mental harm during the experiment, under the ethical guidelines. However many of the participants were visibly shaken by their experiences due to the vastness the deception. Many of them showed signs of tension, from twitching and sweating to nervous laughing fits; however some participant also showed worrying signs of nervous collapse which for some resulted in full-blown uncontrollable seizures. One seizure was so violent ...

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