... by the Nazis during the 1930's and 40's. The procedure consisted of 'ordering a naïve subject to administer electric shocks to a 'victim' in order to systematically test the factors involved in altering levels of obedience' (Gross 1994: 82). It is from this area that a great deal of ethical concern is generated. One of the first key issues put forward by the BPS is that of consent, and the code of conduct specifies two particular areas that have relevance to the Milgram studies on obedience. One of these areas concerns the payment of participants, and states that 'the payment of participants must not be used to induce them to risk harm beyond that which they risk without payment in their normal lifestyle' (BPS 2000: 9). Although the participants did not suffer any physical harm, they did endure a great degree of psychological harm. 'He constantly pulled on his earlobe, and ...

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