... between 20 and 50 with varying professions and skills. Participants were recruited using a false advertisement asking for volunteers to take part in a memory experiment, getting paid $4 plus expenses. Participants were deceived as to the nature of the experiment. Participants drew lots to decide whether they would be the 'teacher' or the 'learner'. Again deception occurred because the participant was always a 'teacher'. The 'learner' was a confederate of Milgram's. The participants watched while the 'learner' was strapped to a large generator. The participant was instructed to administer electric shocks to the learner; gradually increasing by 15 volts, for each incorrect answer the 'learner' gave (the participant was given a sample 45 volt shock so he knew what it felt like {!}). Switches were labelled as follows: - 'slight shock', 'danger', 'intense/severe shock' and 'XXX'. During the experiment the confederate made increasingly more errors. The confederate pretended the shocks were ...

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