... without extremely strong scientific or medical justification.'. Some forms of deception involve lying to participants about the nature of a study, such as Milgram's study on obedience to authority. Participants were told that they were taking part in a study of how punishment affects learning, when in fact the study was on whether ordinary people will obey a legitimate authority even when required to injure another person. Other forms of deception involve the unfolding of important information that may effect participants willingness to take part in the study. An example of this is Zimbardo et al.'s prison stimulation experiment. Participants were not told all the ins and outs of the study, so they were not completely sure of what they were getting themselves in to. With full knowledge of all aspects of the study, many participants may have been less willing to partake. One way of compensating for ...

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