... al.'s research, Gardener (1978) found no negative effects for controllability, he then realised that he had given consent forms to his participants saying that they agreed their rights as a participant. He wondered if this had given them a sense of control so he performed a test in which he gave consent forms to only half of the participants. He found that those without the forms experienced stress and the others didn't. Marmot et al. (1997) held a study of employees in the civil service which found that workers on the lowest employment grades were four times more likely to die of a heart attack that those on the most senior grades. They were also more likely to suffer cancers, strokes, and gastrointestinal disorders. It was found that low control was linked to higher stress. Following these studies, it has been found that having low amounts of controllability and predictability can ...

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