... the middle of the list were not well recalled because there was no time to rehearse these words so they were not transferred into the LTM. These words were also forgotten from the STM as the STM only has a capacity of 7 plus or minus 2, and can hold information for up to 30 seconds. Paivio (1969) proposed the dual coding theory. This assumes that there are two ways of representing information; verbal or linguistic. These two systems are strongly connected so it is possible to derive an image from a verbal phrase. 'Begg and Paivio (1969) carried out an experiment which manipulated the variable, classification of words into concrete and abstract words. The results showed that when the participants were asked to make imagery connections for concrete and abstract words, they made these connections quicker for concrete words and also recalled more concrete words than abstract words. This would ...

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