... injure the other human being Intent - make them suffer Reinforcement - pain and suffering caused This type of aggression is always accompanied by an angry aggressor. E.g. Baseball pitcher --- high inside fast ball at batter who had angered him clearly attempting to injure the batter- goal is to cause suffering, result of contest irrelevant therefore goal is to harm and not to win. 2) Instrumental Aggression: Goal - to receive some other external goal. Intent - to harm the opponent Reinforcement - the external reward e.g. Baseball pitcher --- high inside fast ball to establish superiority at the plate - pitcher not necessarily angry at batter but sees hitting the batter as instrumental in obtaining his primary goal (winning). 3) Assertiveness (Often confused with aggression) involves legitimate, physical, or verbal force to achieve one goal. There is no intent to harm therefore it is not aggression. Distinguishing between aggressive acts in sport that are acceptable with ...

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