... personality characteristics. The effects can be seen in pre-school children through to adolescence and most probably adulthood. However there are a number of methodological problems with the research which mean it is very difficult to make cause-and-effect statements. The parenting style that is highly demanding but not responsive is called an authoritarian pattern. The child must have great respect for authority and not question what the parents standards of right and wrong. Adults treat children as to what they think children are like, if they believe children are full of dark-urges they are likely to use an authoritarian style (Hall 1986). These parents have little give-and-take, and may resort to force and punishment to ensure the child conforms to many rules, but give no explanation as to why the child is being punished (Berk, 2000). Working-class parents tend to stress the importance of controls from the outside, therefore the child must ...

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