... is consciously and intentionally misrepresented. It belongs to the wider category of scientific misconduct, defined as deviation from accepted ethical practices for proposing, conducting, and reporting research.1 Scientific fraud may take numerous forms, the most common of which are falsification of data, such as outright fabrication of data, deceptive selection and reporting of findings, and omission of conflicting information. Moreover, scientific fraud is a label for improprieties of authorship, which includes plagiarism and other improper assignment of credit such as excluding others or claiming the work of someone else as one's own. Additionally, under the term scientific fraud are classified acts of misappropriation of others' ideas, for instance through improper use of information or influence gained by privileged access, such as service on peer review panels, editorial boards, and policy boards of research funding organizations.2 Finally, it is necessary to distinguish fraud from honest error and from ambiguities of interpretation ...

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