... in fact decide not to, and the factors associated with making that decision. There have been several models and theories put forward to suggest reasons why bystanders help or do not help in an emergency situation; the two most significant being Latané & Darley (1970)'s Cognitive Model and Piliavin et al's Bystander Calculus Model. Latané & Darley (1970)'s model is concerned with situational factors which affect the bystander in an emergency situation. Initially, they suggested that people should intervene in an emergency situation whether it be a as result of empathy or a sense of responsibility and that the more people who are present in an emergency the higher the likelihood that someone would help. However as it was seen in the Kitty Genevese incident, this did not happen. According to Latané & Darley (1970) (as cited in Macauley,J & Berkowitz,L 1970), the people who witnessed the murder did not ...

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