... the cell is encased in its own protective synthetic layer. Each blastomere cell, is now considered a new separate embryo and is cultured in vitro and later in vivo in a surrogate mother until birth (Roberge, 2004). Cloning by nuclear transfer is based on the concept that the animal's genome is located in the cell nucleus. The only exception to this is the small amount of DNA of 16, 000 base pairs found in the mitochondria. In this process the genetic material from one cell is place into a recipient unfertilized egg which had its genetic material removed by enucleation. It is then necessary to activate the cell to start dividing. In mammals the egg must be artificially placed in the womb of a surrogate mother where it will grow until birth. During the mid 1980s, the first mammals were cloned by this process, thirty years after the initial experiments with ...

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