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... waste for long distances downstream, to distant purification plants well out of contamination's way. In this sense over demand is responsible as if people did not concentrate in one area and share cesspools and water fountains then cholera epidemics would not have spread. In effect the rise in demand for water contributed to urban health deterioration. However if governments put more pressure on water suppliers in regard to purification of water as they have done in the twentieth century then contamination could have been greatly reduced. "Tables for 1841 show a life expectancy of about 36 years for London and about 26 for Liverpool and Manchester, as compared to 41 for England and Wales as a whole (Kingsley Davis 1965).This reflects poor health provision for city dwellers in comparison to their rural counterparts. A similar study of the public health record in Rome during the nineteenth century showed that "the ...