... and monopolies that had begun to burgeon. By 1894 the United States had become the largest manufacturing nation in the world. In 1860 nearly one out of every four Americans worked in manufacturing; by 1900, one out of every two worked in manufacturing. Radical transformations also took place in the approaches to work taken by former rural dwellers or immigrants who moved to the American city for factory work. Production methods changed in virtually every factory in America during the Second Industrial Revolution, as the desire for efficacy in production had become paramount. Many companies employed efficiency experts, and most championed the ideas of Frederick W. Taylor, a mechanical engineer who wrote popular treatises on efficiency and scientific management. Taylorism emphasized speed and efficiency in the workplace; factories found payment of workers "by the piece" conducive to greater production. Redesigned factories and supplanted workers were other results of this new ...

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