... and cold). However, early definitions did not clearly distinguish between subjective experiences of individuals and the environmental conditions producing those experiences. Seyle (1936 in Warr, 1996) defined stress as a non-specific outcome of any demand made upon the organism. He described the response that an organism makes to an environmental demand as the General Adaptation Syndrome. Although this has served as a stimulus for much research, Seyle's stimulus-response conceptualisation does not take into account individual differences. Some people tolerate stressful conditions better that others and are more effective with coping with stressors. Lazarus's model of cognitive appraisal (in Warr, 1996) is important as it focuses attention on processes of coping with stress. Primary appraisal occurs when the person evaluates the environment in terms of significance for their well-being. This can be evaluated as irrelevant, positive or stressful (either a threat, challenge or causing harm or loss). This is followed by secondary ...

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