... of the times. * The term 'management' itself is value laden, conveying a range of normative judgements - that is, what management should be and definitions of management reflect different paradigms or ways of thinking. An operational definition for this unit might well read something like this: Management is the process of effectively and efficiently using an organisation's resources to achieve objectives through the functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling. Who are the managers? According to Robbins, we need to clarify a number of terms before tackling this question: * Organisation: A systematic arrangement of people to accomplish a particular purpose - organisations are purpose driven and people powered. * Operatives: Those who do rather than oversee. * Managers: Those who direct the work of others although they may have some operative responsibilities. * Front or first line managers: Usually supervisors or forepersons. * Middle managers: Much more difficult to identify - usually worst affected in downsizing and ...

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