... the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals" (Bateman & Snell, 2004, p. 16). This can include developing action plans for the future or determining what objectives a company wants to accomplish during any given year, month or day. Planning is an important step, as it sets the stage for action and any future major achievements. "Planning is concerned with the future impact of today's decisions. Without adequate planning, no strategy, idea or innovation can long succeed " (Higgins, 1994, p. 226). The next management function, organizing, is where all of the necessary resources - people, money, information or equipment - are gathered and used together to complete the mission. It is the managers who determine how best to arrange and orchestrate all resources identified in the planning stage to ensure a smooth and predictable outcome. The third function, leading, is ...

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