... difference. One approach to examining the "attitudes" individuals have towards competition and their motivation for competing is White's (1959, Cited in Orbach, Singer & Price, 1999) effectance motivation theory. White suggested that 'effectance motivation' was based around the desire to feel competent; this impels individuals towards competetency. White also proposed that this desire to feel competent was innate. White's model of effectance motivation that an individuals desire to be competent drives them into competing, and that their perceived success or failure if what drives them to compete again. Reviews of sport-related research assessing 'effectance motivation' (e.g. Nicholls, 1984) developed his own theory which he called 'achievement goal theory.' This theory suggests that there are two basic concepts central to trying to explain motivation. Firstly 'goals & cognition' basically if we know what we want to achieve and we know how to achieve it then we are likely to act accordingly and ...

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