... limitations inherent in Maslow's theory by considering its notion of a one-way linear ascent toward self-actualisation. He refers to Wilber's theory of religion within which a bi-directional concept of ascent and descent exists (Wilber, 1995, cited in Rowan, 1999), and applies this idea to Maslow's hierarchy in the context of abundance and deficiency motivation. Moreover, contrary to Maslow's assertion that humans are generally motivated toward a homeostatic state of being through the principal of tension reduction (deficiency motivation), Rowan posits that in fact, both deficiency and abundance motivation can be found at each level of the hierarchy. For example, abundance motivation in the form of a child's curiosity and self-discovery is evident at lower levels of the hierarchy (Rowan, 1999). So too, deficiency motivation can be seen at the higher level of love and belongingness in the form of possessive love (Maslow, 1962, cited in Rowan, 1999). Furthermore, Rowan boldly ...

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