... of the firm suggests that management behaviour is qualitatively different at the technical, organisational and institutional levels. At the root of any management process is management theory, and it may be the choice of approach, which determine the 'effective' from the ineffective managers. For effective management, it is essential that the level of managerial position i.e. line management or enabling management, is taken into consideration, alongside the nature of the business. Principles may not generalise across businesses - what is effective for one business may be ineffective to another. Managers may choose to take the mechanistic approach of Scientific Management with the view that there is 'one best way' for a job to be done (Fredrick W. Taylor 'The Principles of Scientific Management' 1911). This type of management may be effective in its systematic and analytical nature of increasing efficiency and productivity; however, its 'mechanical treatment of employees' (Robert Owen) is ...

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