... model for change and "action research underlie(s) most current OD approaches" (p. 1), but Current practice goes beyond original formulations to emphasize...emergent processes. Newer action research approaches include 'participatory action research', 'action science', 'action learning', and 'appreciative inquiry', these contemporary approaches might be viewed as extending the action research 'continuum' that ranges more traditional consultant directed linear applications toward increasingly collaborative, systemic, transformational change processes (Newman and Fitzgerald, 2001, p. 1). Boog, Keuhne and Tromp (2003), echoing the same point of view, characterized action research as having poles, On the one pole, there is action research that is first and foremost meant to mobilize people and resources...for certain pre-established ends which are not further questioned. On the other pole, there is action research that opts for a principally open approach in which it is of vital importance to investigate thoroughly what the actual problem is...that enhances the position of the actors...and ...

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