... Their operations were very rigid work systems that comprise of mechanistic and routinized work. This system was highly popular in US, where such management approaches seems to produce results. Example is Ford Motors (Fordism) where assembly lines were employed rigorously. At the same time, Frederick Taylor (1911) developed the "scientific management theory" which advocates standardization of tasks as much as possible. Whilst I personally believed that his view was to assist workers in performing, the outcome was a mechanistic and rigid system that provide for the 'carrot and stick' approach1. Meanwhile Henri Fayol, an industrialist, has identified 14 principles of management that were concerned with rationalising administration. These gave birth to roles of manager, which are planning, organising, command, coordinate and control. According to Max Weber, (1947) in his book, The Theory of Social & Economic Organization, organizations should be divided into hierarchies, establishing strong reporting lines of authority and control. ...

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