... of the systems contributing. Systems can be either open or closed. A closed system is where by the environment does to affect the inner functions of the system and is entirely self-sufficient. This, I do not believe, would be very effective in management because the environment is always changing and must always be taken into consideration. An illustration of this can be seen when looking at a heating system. The heating will always come on at a set time of the year, even if the environment is too warm and does not require it. This is a very uneconomical way of operating. However in this case, a social system, closed systems are not involved. All social and biological systems are open systems (Cole 2000). An opens system is made up of inputs, conversion, outputs and the environment. Opens systems receive the inputs and transfer them to outputs. They receive the inputs ...

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