... subclasses of entities) in the world in the elaboration of linguistic messages. Therefore, it is a communicative process not only because it takes place in real situations, but also because it would be successful only if the addressee identifies the addresser's intended referent. Referents Several classes of entities can be identified by language users and thus become linguistic referents, but this does not mean that all entities can be linguistically identified in the same manner. Lyons, on the basis of ontological assumptions originated from naive realism, suggests a categorisation of three different kinds of entities: First order entities (O1Es): Physical entities in general, such as people, animals and objects. Among their characteristics, they exist, they are publicly observable, they are relatively constant as their perceptual properties are concerned, and they are linguistically identifiable. Second order entities (O2Es): Events, situations, processes, etc. which occur or take place in time rather than exist. Third order entities ...

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