... used, some make duller percussive sounds; pings, plunks and thuds, whilst other objects create more of a bell tone (see attached file prepared piano pic 1 & 2). Another type of prepared piano is the tack piano. A tack piano has small nails secured into the hammers to create a more percussive sound. Other materials can be used i.e. covering the hammers with metal or leather to create different timbres. (Sadie, S. (1980). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Fifth Ed. p598). (Rich, A. (1995). American Pioneers: Ives to Cage and Beyond (1st ed.). pp149 - 152). Chance music was an invention that Cage used in all of his compositions from 1951. Chance music scores take on a different role to traditional music scores. The traditional score is based on pattern and structure and consists of various levels and dimensions such as; melody, harmony and rhythm. These ...

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