... from the beginning of a teaching programme and throughout. Games fulfil many of Maslow's categories. An icebreaker at the beginning in which the teacher is also involved can provide light relief as some students can be concerned or feel stressed about commencing a new course. "An icebreaker is most needed when members of a group don't already know each other, and when the group is going to be together for some hours......." Race P. (2000 p37). Small group task, matching games are used. This can build on the learner's expertise, allowing them to demonstrate their knowledge and skills and allowing others to learn from them. The effect from doing such tasks is that of feeling valued thus increasing self-esteem and confidence in the learner to learn. Maslow believed that the learners need to be able to develop in their learning and that the first four levels in his hierarchy theory are the ...

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