... working-class children as failures. In 1969, arguments about intelligence and 'race' were sparked off when Jenson published a paper in the USA which claimed that operation Headstart, a compensatory education scheme, had failed to improve the education achievement of ghetto, mainly black, children - because of the belief that intelligence is genetically determined and cannot be changed by educational reforms. Jenson went on to argue that this justified a different basic education for black children and others with low intelligence quotients (IQ's). For his evidence Jenson drew on statistics drawn up by Burt. The 1988 Education Reform Act After 1981, further Conservative educational reforms restructured education in fundamental ways that affected provision for pupils with special educational needs. The ERA 1988 set up the National Curriculum and local management of schools (LSM). Since then there has been a debate about whether the effects of these changes have worked against or in favour ...

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