... to Gray (2002). Moreover, these kinds of promoting and discouraging are implemented in four ways: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction, which actually use the contingent consequences to control behaviour. (Kreitner & Kinicki: 1995). As Kreitner & Kinicki (1995) said, positive reinforcement is making behaviour occur more often by contingently presenting something positive whereas by withdrawing something negative if using negative reinforcement. On the contrary, punishment is used to decrease the times a specific behaviour occurs through giving something displeasing and through taking away something satisfied as the way of extinction. Applications These kinds of techniques may enable manpower management to modify or eliminate undesirable student behaviour and replace it with behaviour that is more compatible with goal attainment. (Smith: 2002). Thus, it is obviously shown that a behaviour modification program consists of goals, rewards and consequence with details as following: • A specific targeted behaviour • A goal • An understanding ...

See this essay or coursework document in full right now