... of speech, whereas middle class children used more 'elaborate codes' using longer, more grammatically correct speech forms, enabling them to benefit more fully from education. The language used in textbooks and by the teacher is elaborate code and therefore those students who use the restricted code may sometimes be at a disadvantage by not being able to understand the elaborate code. This can be very intimidating for students and must be avoided. The home environment can also determine the different use of language and children's educational achievement can be linked to parental attitude and expectations, this is known as the "educational climate" of the home. The role of the parent is very important from an early age in developing linguistic standards for their children, parents can do through playing games, reading books and holding "adult" two-way conversations with their children. Teachers are aware that social disadvantage can have an effect on language ...

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