... limited, selection becomes increasingly important raising the 'stakes' of the examination. In theory, the use of examination results for selection allows positions to be filled on the basis of merit rather than factors such as socio-economic status or 'influence'. Certification of achievement: Formal certificates issued after examinations may be taken as evidence that students have reached certain levels of achievement. Certificates may be important for gaining employment. In general, certificates retain their 'value' over long periods. For example, a School Leaving Certificate gained in 1990 may be used to support a job application in 2005. Control: By controlling the examination system the content and 'spirit' of the curriculum can be tailored to national goals. A uniform (standardized) examination system promotes national homogeneity in educational standards and practice. It also allows governments or regional authorities to control disparate elements of the education system. Motivation: In theory, this is achieved by providing clear goals to strive ...

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