... encompassing land in the Satara and Ratnagiri districts. KOYNA 1ST & 2ND STAGES: The first stage was developed at Pophali near Koyananagar. Work had commenced on the 16th of January 1954. Two years later began the staggering work of excavation of approach and ventilation tunnels. Stage 1 of the project has four generators of 70 MW and the 2nd stage of the project has four generators of 80 MW, both of which have been recently uprated. The first two stages involved several developmental levels - including the construction of a concrete dam at Koyna, excavation of head-race and tail-race tunnels, filling of the Shivaji Sagar Lake, among other things. Construction is deep underground - an elucidation of the great civil engineering prowess that has gone into this massive undertaking. Penstocks, fortified with concrete and steel, run through the mountains to give the source for generation. There are four sets of transformers ...

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