... increasing the size of the riot. Pain and suffering felt by the hostages, if any are taken, will also be limited as the result of immediate force. Yet another advantage of immediate action is that it takes away the inmates' opportunity to promise to themselves and to the authorities that they will harm the hostages if their demands are not met. Once threats are made, inmates may psychologically find it difficult to back down from them. Whether or not the inmates realize the terrible consequences of such threats, their public commitment to this course of action may psychologically obligate them to follow through with their threats. In short, negotiations, compared to the early use of force, give inmates an opportunity to make threats to which they then may become committed. Quickly assembling the necessary amount of personnel and equipment is the greatest challenge in using immediate force. Ill equipped ...

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