... with specific desired properties. Its ultimate goal is to predict the structure of a protein from first principles. A lot of research has been carried out and applications can be seen in industrial as well as biopharmaceutical applications among others. Protein engineering is the foundation of the biotechnology industry and hence its applications can be seen in most products of the industry e.g. bio-computing. The issues considered in protein engineering include the types of analytical techniques used, the choice of attributes, industrial issues such as scale-up problems and unwanted side reactions which could prove harmful in live trials. Site-directed mutagenesis involves replacing a nucleotide in a sequence of DNA in order to alter its properties. This is done in a variety of ways which include chemical mutagenesis, oligonucleotide-based mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis and polymer chain reaction (PCR) mutagenesis. These methods have been used in applications such as the production of the oxidation resistant enzyme subtilisin ...

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