... and new varieties of English emerged. Different patterns of colonial activity and their effects on English According to David Graddol et al. (1996), there were three types of English colony, each of them having different effects on the development of English. In the first type, exemplified by America and Australia, substantial settlement by first-language speakers of English displaced the pre-colonial population. In the second, typified by Nigeria, sparser colonial settlements maintained the pre-colonial population in subjection and allowed a proportion of them access to learning English as a second, or additional, language. The third type, exemplified by the Caribbean islands of Barbados and Jamica. Here, a pre-colonial population was replaced by new labour from elsewhere, principally West Africa. North America In 1607 the first British colony was established in Jamestown. Others followed, notably the 'pilgrim fathers' of America settled in Plymouth in 1620. New colonies were being added until there were thirteen ...

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