... angry at the extent to which the Politburo under Liu Shaoqi, and the Secretariat under Deng Xiaoping had taken policy making into its own hands1. Having retreated to Shanghai where he gathered with hard-line Communist intellectuals, he set about planning the initial stages of what Mao felt would reignite his Communist Revolution. For him, developments over recent years showed that the Chinese political garden had become 'overgrown with anti-socialist weeds' (Spence, 1991, 603). Corruption within local authorities had become widespread following increased autonomy gained during the Great Leap Forward. Chen Yun who conducted an assessment of local peasant's livelihoods in the summer of 1961 for the CCP, highlighted the bad morale in the countryside and discovered widespread dissatisfaction with the way politics was being conducted in rural communities. Both the Socialist Education Campaign and the ten points presented at the Central Committee Resolution in 1963 attempted to subject the authorities to ...

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